Viral Cytopathic Effect (CPE)

Viral Cytopathic Effect (CPE)

Any changes in the shape of the cells as result of virus multiplication in this cells.or

Cell alteration due to virus multiplication in it causes:

1- Effect on the cell

a)    Aggregation, lysis, fusion

b)   Shapes: cell transformation induced by oncogenic viruses / rounded shapes.

2- Effect on the cell membrane during virus attachment and/or during virus release.

3- Effect on cellular macromolecule synthesis (DNA,RNA and Protein).

4- Exhaustion of cellular metabolites (Cell Vaculation).

5- Toxic effects induced by accumulation of viral macromolecules.

Cytopathic effects of viral infection of animal cells can be classified into:

Morphological alterations:

Type of CTE	Causative Virus/es	Permissive cells	Shapes
Cell Vaculation	Bovine virus diarrhea(BVDV) Polyomaviruses, Papillomaviruses	MDBK – Bovine Kidney Cells	Frothy appearance
Cell lysis	Foot and mouth disease (FMD)	BHK-21	Destructed cells
Cell rounding up and suspension	Gumboro virus Herps, Rhabdo, Adeno, Picorna virsues	Vero or Baby Gravid Monkey (BGM)	Rounded cells and empty spaces
Syncytial or polykaryon cell formation	Bovine Respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), NDV and Avian reovirus Paramyxovirus, Coronavirsues	Vero cell line	Very large cells contain more than one nucleus
Cell clumping, aggregation, clustering or focal formation	Herpes and Pox viruses	MDBK	Aggregated cell
Carcinogenesis (Cell transformation)	Marek`s disease virus or  Avian Leucosis viruses	Duck Embryo Fibroblast (DEF)	Abnormal shape cells and Immortal
Haem adsorption	Influenza and Para-influenza-3 viruses	MDBK	RBCs aggregated around the infected cells
Nuclear shrinking(pyknosis), proliferation of membrane	Picornavirsues
Proliferation of nuclear membrane	Herpsviruses, Alphaviruses
Margination and breaking of chromosomes	Herpsviruses

Inclusion bodies: Remnant of virus particle inside the infected cells.

Type of CTE	Causative Virus/es	Permissive cells	Shapes
Virions in nucleus	Adenovirsues
Virions in the cytoplasm ( Negri bodies)	Rabies virus
Factories in the cytoplasm (Guarnieri bodies)	Poxviruses
Clumps of ribosomes in virions	Arenaviruses
Clumps of chromatin in nucleus	Herpsvirsues
Both intra cytoplasmic &intra nuclear	Canine distemper. Measles